mercedes

En 1886 l'inventeur allemand Gottlieb Daimler invente le moteur à combustion interne avec Wilhelm Maybach à Cannstatt puis fonde la société Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft en 1890 avec Wilhelm Maybach (ingénieur en chef) et son fils Paul Daimler qui lui succédera après sa disparition en 1900. En 1896, G. W. Daimler entre dans l'ère de l'industrie du camion avec son premier 1,5 tonne à moteur arrière.






Emil Jellinek-Mercedes

Carl Benz de « Benz & Cie »



En 1902 Emil Jellinek, le plus important concessionnaire d'automobile Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft de la Riviera du début du XXe siècle dépose et protège officiellement et légalement la marque commerciale « Mercedes », du surnom de sa fille alors âgée de 13 ans, et signe un « contrat d'exclusivité commerciale » pour les automobiles Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft pour l'Autriche-Hongrie, la France, la Belgique et les États-Unis. Il fait légalement modifier son nom en « Emil Jellinek-Mercedes ». Il fait construire par Paul Daimler et Wilhelm Maybach de Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft les premières Mercedes 35 HP de course et Mercedes Simplex qu'il se charge de commercialiser et entre au conseil d'administration de Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft.



En 1909 Mercedes dépose la célèbre étoile à trois pointes pour représenter les trois voies que Gottlieb Daimler avait choisies pour ses moteurs : terre, mer et air, emblème de toutes ses voitures à partir de 1911. En 1923, un camion Daimler à moteur Diesel fut exposé à la foire de Berlin.



En 1924 Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft met ses intérêts en commun avec « Benz & Cie » de Carl Benz puis fusionne en « Mercedes-Benz AG » en 1926.



En 1931, les modèles sont désignés par le préfixe L (pour lastwagen, « camion » en français). Pendant la guerre, plus de 64 000 camions utilitaires seront produits, presque exclusivement pour les forces armées.



En 1938, le gouvernement allemand établit des restrictions et Daimler-Benz a l'autorisation de produire uniquement des camions deux essieux de 3 t, 4,5 t, et 6 tonnes.



Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Mercedes-Benz exploite des travailleurs soviétiques et français à partir de 1941. Cette force de travail devient rapidement indispensable au fonctionnement de l'entreprise, qui équipe la Luftwaffe et la machine de guerre allemande. Les conditions de travail étant très dures, des grèves ont lieu et les protestataires sont envoyés en camps de concentration. En décembre 1944, Mercedes-Benz exploite 26 958 travailleurs forcés et 4 887 prisonniers de guerre[réf. nécessaire].



Pendant la guerre, les usines de Untertürkheim sont bombardées, obligeant l'entreprise à se concentrer sur d'autres produits, dont des bicyclettes. La production d'automobiles reprend dans les usines de Sindelfingen, ayant survécu aux bombardements. À la fin de la guerre, la firme fabriquera une série de camions appelés Opel Blitz.

citibank credit

Citi® Platinum Select® MasterCard® Citi® Diamond Preferred® Card Citi® Platinum Select® Visa® Card for College Students Citi® Platinum Select® MasterCard® for College Students



0% Intro APR on balance transfers for 18 months and 0% Intro APR on purchases for 12 months. After that, the APR will be 11.99%-19.99% based on your creditworthiness. This APR will vary with the market based on the Prime Rate1.



$0 Liability on Unauthorized Purchases

school loan consolidation

School Loan Consolidation!
Everything you need to know to make the right choices about your loans.

There are hundreds of websites that deal with school loan consolidation and student loan debt, but in reality, most of them are trying to sell you a loan, or make you complete a loan application to access their information about school loans. Not us! We have the largest compilation of free information to help you make the right choices about consolidating your school loan. Research the various types of loans. Learn how to apply for a school loan, discover a few of the secrets about loan discounts and how to combine your current loans into a single, manageable school loan. Find out how to lower your monthly payment and your interest rate at the same time. Please enjoy the information provided on the site, and bookmark us for future use.

commerce international

Ces deux dernières décennies, les échanges commerciaux internationaux ont évolué, plus particulièrement pour les pays développés, et pour les nouveaux pays industrialisés, favorisant la croissance de ces derniers. Les pays les moins avancés n'ont pas connu une telle hausse des échanges commerciaux internationaux. Le volume du commerce mondial est 14 fois supérieur à ce qu'il était en 1950

forex trading

Risk currencies back in vogue, but for how long?


Asia has a moribund day on the currency front; Bourses in the red.







MAJOR HEADLINES – PREVIOUS SESSION



•CA May Building Permits out at -10.8% m/m vs. -2.0% expected and revised +5.9% prior

•US Jun. Non-manufacturing ISM out at 53.8 vs. 55.0 expected and 55.4 prior

•US Weekly ABC Consumer Confidence out at -42 vs. -43 expected and -41 prior

•AU Jun. AiG Performance of Construction Index out at 46.4 vs. 53.2 prior





--------------------------------------------------------------------------------





THEMES TO WATCH – UPCOMING SESSION

(All Times GMT)



•Sweden Budget Balance (0730)

•Norway IP (0800)

•EU Q1 Final Euro-zone GDP (0900)

•GE Factory Orders (1000)

•US Weekly MBA Mortgage Applications (1100)

•CA Ivey PMI (1400)





Market Comments:

The turnaround in risk appetite that Asia saw yesterday afternoon continued throughout the overnight session, despite some disappointing US data. The positives that led he risk rally included talk of large infrastructure projects in Western China lifting Shanghai stocks (subsequently revealed to be old news with some projects already in progress), a successful Spanish bond auction and the hangover of the more upbeat comments from the RBA. GB was given an additional lift from the BCC survey showing the fastest UK services growth for 2 years and a prediction of strong 0.6-0.7% growth for Q2.



The bad news came from the US non-manufacturing ISM, which slid to 53.8 from 55.4 prior and well below expectations of 55.0. More depressingly the employment component fell back below 50 after May’s rise above the magic number for the first time since Dec. 2007. This was enough to pull Wall St off its highs but still managed positive closes after a late rebound.



It was another barren data slate for Asia today and this was reflected in the tight ranges seen during the session. Few clues form the equity side either with Asian bourses giving back some of yesterday’s gains (Shanghai down just 0.3%).



On the data front, Europe is not much busier. We see Sweden’s budget balance, Norway IP, the Euro-zone final Q1 GDP reading and German factory orders. We may hear some news on the EU bank stress test plans with The Committee of European Banking Supervisors possibly releasing the methodology to be used in the tests. There is still some discussion as to whether they will actually release the names of the banks that will undergo the stress test (selectivity at its best!). Certainly the regulators face the challenge of making the tests wide ranging and tough enough to garner the markets’ respect yet not making them so stringent that a lot of banks fail. Too lenient a test and we may see the EUR being knocked off its current bullish pedestal.



It is another quiet data session for the US with only the weekly mortgage applications data on tap. The only Canadian release is the Ivey PMI data for June. For the rest of the week, the focus shifts to the Australian employment data on Thursday along with the BoE and ECB meetings on that day as well. The week wraps up with the Canadian employment report for June, so we should know by the end of the week whether USDCAD can punch back through the 1.0680 area or if it the 200-day moving average can support the pair (currently around 1.0421). It is interesting that the fresh signs of a strong slowdown in the Canadian housing market in the form of yesterday’s very weak building permits was met with a wall of CAD buying - again, risk appetite reigns supreme for the moment for the commodity currencies as the fundamentals may have to wait.

Création d'un Centre de surveillance du commerce électronique

Afin de mieux protéger les "cyber-consommateurs", le Gouvernement a décidé de créer une cellule délocalisée de la DGCCRF (Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation et de la répression des fraudes) consacrée à la surveillance du commerce électronique. Ce Centre implantée à Morlaix (Finistère), composée d'une dizaine de personnes, renforcera le réseau de surveillance déjà mis en place et réunissant 18 unités régionales ou départementales. Elle devrait jouer deux types de rôles : une mission "d orientation et de traitement des demandes d information et des réclamations des publics transmises par voie électronique" et un service de "veille et de protection face à la croissance rapide de l Internet, mais aussi à l impact d autres techniques".




Grâce à la mise en place d'un service de messagerie, l'internaute pourra chercher des renseignements sur la DGCCRF et porter réclamation par courrier électronique. Les plaintes des consommateurs seront directement traitées par le Centre de Morlaix ou par l'une des unités départementales. L'activité du Centre permettra ainsi de mettre en évidence les problèmes rencontrés par le public. Le Centre de surveillance du commerce électronique contrôlera les sites commerciaux et leurs pratiques, en particulier l'application du droit de la consommation. S'il constate des infractions, il pourra transmettre à la direction départementale compétente ses constats en vue d une procédure. Il assurera également une veille sur Internet et sur l'ensemble des supports numérisés et un suivi

Commerce usa

Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer OR commerce is the exchange of goods and services from the point of production to the point of consumption to satisfy human wants. It comprises the trading of something of economic value such as goods, services, information, or money between two or more entities. Commerce functions as the central mechanism which drives capitalism and certain other economic systems (but compare command economy, for example). Commercialization or commercialisation consists of the process of transforming something into a product, service or activity which one may then use in commerce. Commerce involves trade and aids to trade which help in the exchange of goods and services.

Euro

Karlsruhe-Stuttgart mints

The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the Eurozone: 16 of the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU) and is the currency used by the EU institutions. The eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain.[2] Estonia is due to join the eurozone on 1 January 2011.[3] The currency is also used in a further five European countries, with and without formal agreements, and is consequently used daily by some 327 million Europeans.[4] Over 175 million people worldwide use currencies which are pegged to the euro, including more than 150 million people in Africa.



The euro is the second largest reserve currency (a status it inherited from the German mark) as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the U.S. dollar.[5] As of June 2010[update], with more than €800 billion in circulation, the euro is the currency with the highest combined value of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world, having surpassed the U.S. dollar.[note 15] Based on IMF estimates of 2008 GDP and purchasing power parity among the various currencies, the eurozone is the second largest economy in the world.[6]



The name euro was officially adopted on 16 December 1995.[7] The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, replacing the former European Currency Unit (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1. Euro coins and banknotes entered circulation on 1 January 2002

electronic-commerce-buy-and-sell american equity: Forex

electronic-commerce-buy-and-sell american equity: Forex: "Forex est le surnom universellement donné au marché des changes sur lequel les devises sont échangées l’une contre l’autre, à des taux de ch..."

Recall Vioxx

The Recall


Arthritis drug Vioxx (Rofecoxib) has been voluntarily recalled by Merck & Co Inc. worldwide.



The move to pull the COX-2 inhibitor off the market on September 30, 2004 shocked the arthritis world and rocked the stock value of Merck.



The Reason

The decision to recall Vioxx followed a three year trial, known as APPROVe (Adenomatous Polyp Prevention on Vioxx), which was a multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study to determine the effect of Vioxx on the recurrence of neoplastic polyps of the large bowel in patients with a history of colorectal adenoma.



The trial which begain in 2000, involved 2,600 patients and compared Vioxx 25 mg. to placebo. The study revealed that an increased risk of cardiovascular complications began 18 months after patients started taking Vioxx.



The History

Merck CEO Rymond Gilmartin said, "We are taking this action because we believe it best serves the interests of patients." Vioxx, which was launched in the United States in 1999 for the treatment of arthritis has been marketed in 80 countries and used by 84 million people worldwide.

Conference Call Services

Businesses use conference calls daily to meet with remote parties, both internally and outside of their company. Common applications are client meetings or sales presentations, project meetings and updates, regular team meetings, training classes and communication to employees who work in different locations. Conference calling is viewed as a primary means of cutting travel costs and allowing workers to be more productive by not having to go out-of-office for meetings.




Conference calls are used by nearly all United States public corporations to report their quarterly results. These calls usually allow for questions from stock analysts and are called earnings calls. A standard conference call begins with a disclaimer stating that anything said in the duration of the call may be a forward looking statement, and that results may vary significantly. The CEO, CFO, or Investor Relations officer then will read the company's quarterly report. Lastly, the call is opened for questions from analysts.



Conference calls are increasingly used in conjunction with web conferences, where presentations or documents are shared via the internet. This allows people on the call to view content such as corporate reports, sales figures and company data presented by one of the participants. The main benefit is that the presenter of the document can give clear explanations about details within the document, while others simultaneously view the presentation.



Conference calls are also beginning to cross over into the world of podcasting and social networking, which in turn fosters new kinds of interaction patterns. Live streaming or broadcasting of conference calls allows a larger audience access to the call without dialing in to a bridge. In addition, organizers of conference calls can publish a dial-in number alongside the audio stream, creating potential for audience members to dial in if and when they wish to interact

Phone Conference Call

A conference call is a telephone call in which the calling party wishes to have more than one called party listen in to the audio portion of the call. The conference calls may be designed to allow the called party to participate during the call, or the call may be set up so that the called party merely listens into the call and cannot speak. It is often referred to as an ATC (Audio Tele-Conference).




Conference calls can be designed so that the calling party calls the other participants and adds them to the call - however, participants are usually able to call into the conference call themselves, by dialing into a special telephone number that connects to a "conference bridge" (a specialized type of equipment that links telephone lines).



Companies commonly use a specialized service provider who maintains the conference bridge, or who provides the phone numbers and PIN codes that participants dial to access the meeting or conference call.



Three-way calling is available (usually at an extra charge) for many customers on their home or office phone line. To three-way call, the first person one wishes to talk to is dialed. Then the Hook flash button (known as the recall button in the UK and elsewhere) is pressed and the other person's phone number is dialed. While it is ringing, flash / recall is pressed again to connect the three people together. This option allows callers to add a second outgoing call to an already connected call.

Business

A business (company, enterprise or firm) is a legally recognized organization designed to provide goods or services, or both, to consumers, businesses and governmental entities.[1] Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies. Most businesses are privately owned. A business is typically formed to earn profit that will increase the wealth of its owners and grow the business itself. The owners and operators of a business have as one of their main objectives the receipt or generation of a financial return in exchange for work and acceptance of risk. Notable exceptions include cooperative enterprises and state-owned enterprises. Businesses can also be formed not-for-profit or be state-owned.




The etymology of "business" relates to the state of being busy either as an individual or society as a whole, doing commercially viable and profitable work. The term "business" has at least three usages, depending on the scope — the singular usage (above) to mean a particular company or corporation, the generalized usage to refer to a particular market sector, such as "the music business" and compound forms such as agribusiness, or the broadest meaning to include all activity by the community of suppliers of goods and services. However, the exact definition of business, like much else in the philosophy of business, is a matter of debate and complexity of meanings.

Forex

Forex est le surnom universellement donné au marché des changes sur lequel les devises sont échangées l’une contre l’autre, à des taux de change qui varient sans cesse. Ce mot est issu de la contraction des termes anglais Foreign Exchange.

Web service

"Big Web Services" use Extensible Markup Language (XML) messages that follow the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) standard and have been popular with traditional enterprise. In such systems, there is often a machine-readable description of the operations offered by the service written in the Web Services Description Language (WSDL). The latter is not a requirement of a SOAP endpoint, but it is a prerequisite for automated client-side code generation in many Java and .NET SOAP frameworks (frameworks such as Spring, Apache Axis2 and Apache CXF being notable exceptions). Some industry organizations, such as the WS-I, mandate both SOAP and WSDL in their definition of a web service.






Web services in a service-oriented architecture.Web API is a development in web services (in a movement called Web 2.0) where emphasis has been moving away from SOAP based services towards Representational State Transfer (REST) based communications.[2] REST services do not require XML, SOAP, or WSDL service-API definitions.



Web APIs allow the combination of multiple web services into new applications known as mashups.[3]



When used in the context of web development, web API is typically a defined set of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request messages along with a definition of the structure of response messages, usually expressed in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) or JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format.



When running composite web services, each sub service can be considered autonomous. The user has no control over these services. Also the web services themselves are not reliable; the service provider may remove, change or update their services without giving notice to users. The reliability and fault tolerance is not well supported; faults may happen during the execution. Exception handling in the context of web services is still an open research issue.



The W3C defines a "web service" as "a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network. It has an interface described in a machine-processable format (specifically Web Services Description Language WSDL). Other systems interact with the web service in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP messages, typically conveyed using HTTP with an XML serialization in conjunction with other web-related standards."[4]



The W3C also states, "We can identify two major classes of web services, REST-compliant Web services, in which the primary purpose of the service is to manipulate XML representations of Web resources using a uniform set of "stateless" operations; and arbitrary Web services, in which the service may expose an arbitrary set of operations."[5]

Credit (finance)

Credit is the provision of resources (such as granting a loan) by one party to another party where that second party does not reimburse the first party immediately, thereby generating a debt, and instead arranges either to repay or return those resources (or material(s) of equal value) at a later date. It is any form of deferred payment.[1] The first party is called a creditor, also known as a lender, while the second party is called a debtor, also known as a borrower.




Movements of financial capital are normally dependent on either credit or equity transfers. Credit is in turn dependent on the reputation or creditworthiness of the entity which takes responsibility for the funds.



Credit need not necessarily be based on formal monetary systems. The credit concept can be applied in barter economies based on the direct exchange of goods and services, and some would go so far as to suggest that the true nature of money is best described as a representation of the credit-debt relationships that exist in society (Ingham 2004 p.12-19).



Credit is denominated by a unit of account. Unlike money (by a strict definition), credit itself cannot act as a unit of account. However, many forms of credit can readily act as a medium of exchange. As such, various forms of credit are frequently referred to as money and are included in estimates of the money supply.



Credit is also traded in the market. The purest form is the credit default swap market, which is essentially a traded market in credit insurance. A credit default swap represents the price at which two parties exchange this risk – the protection "seller" takes the risk of default of the credit in return for a payment, commonly denoted in basis points (one basis point is 1/100 of a percent) of the notional amount to be referenced, while the protection "buyer" pays this premium and in the case of default of the underlying (a loan, bond or other receivable), delivers this receivable to the protection seller and receives from the seller the par amount (that is, is made whole).

Les origines du commerce

Les origines du commerce

Une vieille acception du mot commerce renvoie aux notions de communication et de relation avec autrui, que l'on retrouve par exemple dans l'expression « une personne de commerce agréable ».Ce sens dont l'origine se perd dans la nuit des temps fait appel à une réalité où les rapports humains et l'économie étaient conditionnés par la proximité géographique. Dans une acception plus moderne, le commerce désigne l'activité qui fait circuler les marchandises, par exemple avec le marché. Il couvre l'ensemble des transactions passées d'individus à individus, eux-mêmes représentant en nom propre ou d'entreprises, par l'appréciation de leur valeur d'échange et la réalisation de celle-ci.


Le commerce est l'une des plus anciennes et plus importantes inventions de l'humanité avec l'apparition de l'agriculture au néolithique. Certains le considèrent comme l'origine de la civilisation. Par exemple, l'écriture semble avoir été inventée il y a 5500 ans par les commerçants sumériens pour permettre leur comptabilité [2]. Au début, l'agriculture qui se pratiquait étaient une agriculture de subsistance, les récoltes obtenues étaient juste suffisantes pour la population. Mais à mesure que les développements technologiques furent appliqués par les agriculteurs, comme la force animale ou l'utilisation de différents engrais, les cultures obtenues augmentaient. Ainsi, le commerce a été engendrée par deux facteurs : Les récoltes dépassaient le seuil de subsistance et il n'était plus nécessaire que l'ensemble de la société se consacre à l'agriculture — permettant ainsi à une partie de la population de se spécialiser dans d'autres domaines, tels que le travail du fer et la poterie.[3]